How to reduce slavery in seafood supply chains

Seafood is one of the most-traded foods in the world. The sector employs at least 260 million workers globally, and some 3 billion people rely on seafood as a primary source of protein. The

US State Department and other credible sources have consistently identified the seafood sector as a significant contributor to the global incidence of modern slavery. Widespread forced

labour has been reported in the seafood industry in 47 countries. Part of the problem is that global seafood supply chains are long and complex. That’s why my colleagues and I have developed

a five-stage framework, published today in Science Advances, that identifies the risk for specific products, all the way from ocean or farm to the supermarket shelf. WHAT SLAVERY MIGHT LOOK

LIKE Companies can’t always be sure they’re buying and selling products that have been produced without forced labour. A single catch of fish may be caught in one country, processed in

another and repackaged in a third before being shipped somewhere else for sale. Some 65-70% of exported seafood is produced in developing countries where labour costs are relatively low.

Work in distant water fleets, aquaculture areas and processing hubs can be highly appealing to the rural poor, who may have limited local job opportunities. Getting to these jobs, however,

often requires migration and using labour brokers. In fishing, labour brokers supply a mix of professional crew from seafaring nations as well as less-skilled and lower-cost crew. Vessels

are physically isolated, with working hours determined by ocean conditions and the round-the-clock duties needed to keep a ship operating safely. Payment for work is often a share of the

catch value, based on seniority. The less-skilled crew, who may not speak their colleagues’ language or have any legal standing in the vessel’s flag state, are vulnerable to involuntary and

unpaid work. This is particularly the case where the direct employer is a distant labour agent, rather than the vessel’s owner. Nonetheless, vulnerable conditions alone do not dictate forced

labour. Fishing wages provide dignified livelihoods and an escape from poverty for millions of fishers and crew operating in many remote fisheries. FIVE STEPS TO REDUCING SLAVERY How can we

unravel these complex strands to identify slavery? Given the complex international nature of the trade, private companies have an important role to play alongside national regulations. This

is why we developed the five-point Labour Safe Screen. Four of these components are designed to identify the risk of slavery: * product screening for country-level origins and standing on

forced labour in seafood * a template for mapping the supply chain * an algorithm for estimating risk in fishing operations * surveys for collecting proof of protective conditions in the

workplace. The fifth component is a set of principles for minimum protective conditions in the workplace. Eighteen companies participated in our study and most carry hundreds of seafood

products. We developed a tiered approach for screening a large number of their products, with quantitative scoring for persistent risks moving upstream into the supply chain and the

workplace. The majority of human rights data on forced labour in seafood production is available at the country level. While this provides a starting point for risk assessment, extrapolation

to a particular product can be misleading. We found that by triangulating industry and human rights data (from proprietary and public data sources), our framework allowed traders to

identify the “pinch” points in their supply lines. They could then pinpoint labour risks where corrective actions could be most efficiently focused. This approach captures data for each

workplace as a product moves through the supply chain, transcending national domains and trans-shipping issues. The results give traders the tools to identify areas where working conditions

are either acceptable, unknown or inadequate. Although risk-based due diligence does not guarantee that a product is free from forced labour, it does allow screening of large numbers of

products. It can also focus attention on the most urgent points for remedial steps. Ultimately, regulatory oversight is the main ingredient for low risk and makes it easier to focus on

minimum protective work conditions. So in situations where the regulatory systems are strict and enforced (as in Australia), then minimum standards are likely to prevail and forced labour is

likely to be a low risk. Ideally, robust risk assessment should be part of a multi-pronged strategy for sustainable and socially responsible seafood. As part of this, we should always

include ways to hear directly from workers and their organisations at the front line. ------------------------- _The work described here was jointly undertaken by the authors of the Science

Advances paper, including prizewinning front-line workers active in the rescue of seafood workers._ _Katrina Nakamura (lead author for the Science Advances paper) assisted with the

development of this article._