Genotypic and tissue-specific variation of populus nigra transcriptome profiles in response to drought

ABSTRACT Climate change is one of the most important challenges for mankind in the far and near future. In this regard, sustainable production of woody crops on marginal land with low water

availability is a major challenge to tackle. This dataset is part of an experiment, in which we exposed three genetically differentiated genotypes of _Populus nigra_ originating from

contrasting natural habitats to gradually increasing moderate drought. RNA sequencing was performed on fine roots, developing xylem and leaves of those three genotypes under control and

moderate drought conditions in order to get a comprehensive dataset on the transcriptional changes at the whole plant level under water limiting conditions. This dataset has already provided

insight in the transcriptional control of saccharification potential of the three _Populus_ genotypes under drought conditions and we suggest that our data will be valuable for further

in-depth analysis regarding candidate gene identification or, on a bigger scale, for meta-transcriptome analysis. Measurement(s) transcriptome Technology Type(s) illumina sequencing Factor

Type(s) treatment Sample Characteristic - Organism Populus nigra Sample Characteristic - Environment greenhouse experiment SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS _DE-NOVO_ TRANSCRIPTOME

ANALYSIS UNVEILS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES REGULATING DROUGHT AND SALT STRESS RESPONSE IN _PANICUM SUMATRENSE_ Article Open access 04 December 2020 TRANSCRIPTOMIC PROFILING OF _POA

PRATENSIS_ L. UNDER TREATMENT OF VARIOUS PHYTOHORMONES Article Open access 15 March 2024 TRANSCRIPTOME DYNAMICS OF _GOSSYPIUM PURPURASCENS_ IN RESPONSE TO ABIOTIC STRESSES BY ISO-SEQ AND

RNA-SEQ DATA Article Open access 09 May 2024 BACKGROUND & SUMMARY Ongoing climate change, entailing more frequent and severe drought events, put biomass productivity at an increasing

risk1,2,3, especially on marginal land. Considering the increasing demand for both, food production and feedstock, energy crop production systems should preferentially utilize perennial

crops grown on marginal sites4. Consequently, there is a need to develop new germplasms of perennial biomass crops characterized by high productivity and the ability to maintain productivity

under water limited growth conditions5. To this end, it is pivotal to understand the underlying physiological mechanisms and molecular drivers of drought stress responses and growth

adjustment of trees, especially mechanisms underlying adjustments of growth in response to water deprivation. Because of its adaptation to a broad range of habitats, its fast growth and

available molecular and genomic resources, the genus _Populus_ is considered as a model system for woody biomass plants6. The publication of the full genome sequence of _Populus

trichocarpa_7 fostered the application of systems biology approaches on a multitude of _Populus_ species, including most widespread species like _P. tremuloides_ and its European counterpart

_P. tremula_. In Europe, _P. nigra_, European black poplar, is also widely distributed, and this is reflected in significant phenotypic variation in growth rates, tree architecture and leaf

size8_. P. nigra_ is a candidate for second generation biofuels that use lignocellulosic biomass9,10,11 as well as a raw material for pulp and paper production12. As a pioneer species, _P.

nigra_ can also be used to preserve local biodiversity, as it is able to outcompete exotic poplar species. Therefore, it is used in restoration and protection of riparian forest sites13. In

Eastern Europe, _P. nigra_ is planted for soil protection and used for restoration areas polluted by industrial usage14. As a species perceived as both, economically and ecologically

important, _P. nigra_ is targeted in studies aiming to elucidate the genetic basis of variation in adaptive traits8,15,16. In order to characterize traits that play a conserved role across

populations adapted to contrasting natural habitats we included three _P. nigra_ genotypes originating from areas with different water availability. The genotypes were previously shown to be

genetically differentiated8. This genetic variance between the three subgroups originates from the last glacial period, where there were three refugia for _P. nigra_8 in Europe from which

the species recolonized Europe. Among the three genotypes, the Spanish genotype grows on the driest land, while the Italian genotype derives from the most humid area8,17. Here, trees of each

genotype were exposed to a gradually increasing, precisely controlled, moderate drought for five weeks before harvest. Transcriptome profiles of the developing xylem, fine roots, and

fully-expanded young leaves were prepared in order to get a holistic insight into the transcriptional reprogramming in specific tissues and between different genotypes. Of these tissues

roots sense drying soil first18,19; the xylem is the water conducting system in plants20; and leaves play the key role in transpiration and gas exchange21. Thus, this study covers all

pivotal tissues involved in the water balance of plants. Our data set opens the possibility for analyses in various directions. One could either look at conserved gene clusters across all

three genotypes to identify gene families that are important for drought acclimation or other important traits. An example for this kind is the investigation of the transcriptional drought

response in the developing xylem22, which constitutes a subset of the present data. Weighted gene correlation network analysis identified genes correlated significantly with the

saccharification potential of the wood, which was enhanced under drought22. Interestingly, no genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were found to be correlated with drought, but

polysaccharide biosynthesis genes were upregulated, underpinning the improved saccharification potential22. This study gave a first glimpse in the power of the data set generated in this

study. In-depth analyses of the whole data set regarding the acclimation of specific tissues to drier conditions and the crosstalk between tissues has not been done yet. In addition,

investigations of the intraspecies genetic variation can assist identifying genetic markers that can be used for predictive breeding. Previous studies have mostly concentrated on

intraspecific variation in single tissues23,24. Our dataset combines data on different tissues and genotypes. We therefore believe that this data set will be of keen interest for the

scientific community and can add a piece to the puzzle to understand drought adaptation of trees. METHODS PLANT MATERIAL Three genotypes of _Populus nigra_ L., originating from natural

populations in France, Italy and Spain were studied. The three genotypes represent clones of individual trees sampled from the populations Drôme 6 (FR-6), La Zelata (IT1), and Ebro 2

(SP-2)8. Cuttings were planted in 10-liter plastic pots filled with a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of peat and sand fertilized with a slow-release fertilizer (4 g L−1 of Nutricote T100, 13:13:13 NPK

and micronutrients; FERTIL S.A.S, Boulogne Billancourt, France). Plants were grown in two chambers of a glasshouse located at Champenoux, France (48°45′09.3″N, 6°20′27.6″E), under natural

light conditions. Growth conditions in the greenhouse were affected by weather conditions, but the temperature was adjusted to not exceed 28 °C, and daily maxima of irradiance ranged from

73–478 W m−2. Plants were watered three times per day to field capacity on a custom-made automated watering system. DROUGHT EXPERIMENT After six weeks of growth, plants of each genotype were

randomly assigned to either a control or a drought treatment. The plants were allocated to the two greenhouse chambers in balanced proportions according to genotype and treatment. Plants

were exposed to drought by gradually decreasing the available soil water content. The regulation of soil water availability was based on the soil relative extractable water content

(REWsoil), which is defined as: REWsoil = (SWC - water content at wilting point)/(water content at field capacity - water content at wilting point), with SWC: soil volumetric water content;

water content at wilting point = 3%; water content at field capacity = 32%. Control plants were watered to 85% REWsoil three times per day for the whole 5-week period of the experiment. For

drought-treated plants, a target level of 20% REWsoil was defined, which was reached two weeks after starting to gradually withhold water. Plants were watered at this target level of REWsoil

for the following three weeks22,25 (Fig. 1a). After five weeks of control or drought treatment, all plants were harvested destructively. We used four individual plants from each genotype

and water level (3 genotypes × 4 plants × 2 water levels = 24 plants) for the harvest of 3 tissues ( = 72 samples for further analysis). Different tissues per plant were harvested in

parallel by several persons to achieve rapid sampling times. Leaf number 10 from the top of each plant was cut off, weighed and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. The stem was cut at the base,

the bark was removed from the lower part and the developing xylem, a soft tissue, was scratched from the surface and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The root system with soil was

carefully removed from the pot and briefly washed under tap water to clean fine roots, which were then cut off. The surface water from the collected fine roots was quickly dabbed off by

tissue paper and then roots were frozen in liquid nitrogen. The samples were stored at −80 °C. For the extraction of RNA, each tissue was milled to a fine powder keeping the sample frozen by

cooling the device under liquid nitrogen. Of each sample 150 mg of frozen tissue was weighed into the extraction medium for RNA. The procedure of RNA sampling to count table is depicted in

Fig. 1b. RNA EXTRACTION, LIBRARY PREPARATION AND SEQUENCING Total RNA was extracted from homogenized samples of a young fully expanded leaf, fine roots, and developing xylem of four

biological replicates per genotype and treatment using the CTAB protocol26 with minor modifications described in27. After checking quality and integrity (see Technical Validation), 2 µg of

total RNA were used for library preparation using the ‘TruSeq mRNA Sample Prep kit v2’ (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Libraries were then

processed with Illumina cBot for cluster generation on the flowcell, following the manufacturer’s instructions and sequenced in 50 bp single-end mode at the 6-fold multiplex on the Illumina

HiSeq2000 (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). DATA RECORDS Raw data of RNA-seq analysis are deposited at the NCBI short read archive under SRP numbers SRP09583228 (dev. xylem samples) and

SRP10171129 (fine root and leaf samples). Each biological replicate refers to a single SRA Sample Accession (SRS accession, Online-only Table 1). Raw count data are available at figshare

data repository under https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17031842.v330. Tables for differentially expressed genes for each tissue and genotype are available under

https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19382603.v131. TECHNICAL VALIDATION RNA integrity was determined using Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer RNA Nano assay (Agilent technologies, Santa Clara, CA,

USA). Average RIN values were 7.9 ± 0.5 for the developing xylem, 7.2 ± 0.4 for fine roots and 7.2 ± 0.3 for leaf samples. qRT-PCR validation of selected genes has been performed by

Wildhagen and colleagues22. QUALITY ASSESSMENT FastQC Version 0.11.9 was applied to the clean reads to assess the quality of the sequence reads32. A summary of FastQC reports was generated

using MultiQC33. Figure 2 shows that the Mean Quality Scores and the Per Sequence Quality Scores of all sequencing results were of high quality indicated by the green color in the diagrams.

Per Sequence GC content was consistent at 44–45%. DATA FILTERING AND PROCESSING Raw sequence reads were processed with the Python package Cutadapt v1.4.234 to remove residual adapter

contamination. Reads were subsequently trimmed to remove low-quality reads (option -trim_qual_left/right = 25) and reads shorter than 40 nucleotides, using the PRINSEQ software

v.lite-0.20.435. Trimmed reads were aligned to the _Populus trichocarpa_ v2.1 transcriptome database7 using TopHat2 v2.0.1036. A count table was generated using the Python package HTSeq

v0.6.137. Python codes for all procedures can be found in document FigShare Python Codes38. The raw count table is available under FigShare Raw Count Table30. PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS As

a first step of exploratory data analysis, a PCA across all samples of the RNA-seq data was performed. Normalization of counts was performed using the VST (variance stabilizing

transformation) function of DESeq2 v1.32.0 package for R39,40. The plot of the first two PCs revealed a strong clustering according to tissue type, suggesting strong variation of transcript

abundance among tissues (Fig. 3a). Further PCA analyses of leaf (Fig. 3b), developing xylem (Fig. 3c) and fine roots (Fig. 3d) transcriptomes revealed separate clustering of the different

genotypes. This result indicates putatively interesting differential gene expression patterns between the different origins (Fig. 3b–d). PCA analysis has been performed with R40 using the

packages DESeq2 v1.32.039. The R code for the PCA is available under Figshare R Code PCA41. INITIAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES Analyses of the count data were done with the R

package DESeq2, version 1.34.039 Normalisation of count tables was done based on the ‘median ratio method’42 implemented in the function ‘estimateSizeFactors’. We applied an unspecific

filtering43 to keep only those genes to which at least one read per million reads of library size aligned in at least four samples. The analysis of differential expression was carried out by

fitting two-factorial negative binomial generalized linear models (function ‘DESeq’) to the count data. To assess the significance of a ‘treatment’ main effect, a full model with

´treatment´ and ‘genotype’ main effects was set up, against which a reduced model without ‘treatment’ main effect was tested with the function ‘nbinomLRT’. The sets of genes showing a

significant drought main effect were used for a genotype specific analysis of drought effects. For this purpose the data set was split according to tissue and genotype, and for each

combination of tissue and genotype, a full model with ‘treatment’ main effect was set up, against which a reduced model with intercept only was tested with the function ‘nbiomLRT’. The R

code for the DEG analysis is available under Figshare R Code DEG analysis44. Venn diagrams have been made using an online Venn diagram tool

(https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/Venn/). Analysis of the drought main effect, i.e. without differentiation of the genotypes revealed that the majority of differentially

expressed genes (DEGs) were tissue specific under drought (92.8% in fine roots, 62% in the developing xylem and 86.3% in the leaf, Fig. 3e). Interestingly, no shared gene was found to be

differentially regulated in all three tissues. When these drought related DEGs shown in Fig. 3e were further analyzed on genotype level, it was found that the majority of drought-related

DEGs in fine roots (Fig. 3f) and leaves (Fig. 3h) were genotype specific. However, in the developing xylem (Fig. 3g) there were no genotype specific DEGs found for the Spanish and French

genotype. This initial analysis shows, that this dataset can be used to identify conserved drought acclimation processes that are shared by all three genotypes, as well as genotype specific

drought responses of _P. nigra_. CODE AVAILABILITY Figshare R Code DEG analysis: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19382594.v144. Figshare Python Codes:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank T. Klein (Laboratory for Radio-Isotopes, Göttingen, Germany) for RNA isolation. We acknowledge the providers of the original _P. nigra_ genotypes ‘France 6J-29’

(INRA, Paris, France represented by G. Pilate) and ‘Spain RIN2-new’ (CITA, Zaragosa, Spain, represented by JV Lacasa Azlor) and C. Bastien (INRA, Orleans, France) for providing the stock

cuttings. This work was conducted in the frame of the WATBIO project (Development of improved perennial biomass crops for water-stressed environments), which is a collaborative research

project funded from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No. 311929. UMR Silva was supported by the French

National Research Agency through the Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE (ANR-12- LABXARBRE-01). We acknowledge support by HAWK for funding the article-processing charge. FUNDING Open Access

funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes * These authors contributed equally: Christian Eckert, Henning Wildhagen. AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Forest

Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, Germany Christian Eckert, Johannes Ballauff & Andrea Polle * HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts,

Faculty of Resource Management, Büsgenweg 1a, 37077, Göttingen, Germany Henning Wildhagen * Biometris, Wageningen UR Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The

Netherlands Maria João Paulo & Sabine K. Schnabel * IGA Technology Services, via Jacopo Linussio 51, Udine, Italy Simone Scalabrin & Vera Vendramin * Laboratory of Genetics,

Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands Joost J. B. Keurentjes * Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France

Marie-Béatrice Bogeat-Triboulot * Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA Gail Taylor Authors * Christian Eckert View author publications You

can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Henning Wildhagen View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Maria João Paulo View

author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Simone Scalabrin View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar *

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CONTRIBUTIONS C.E.: Manuscript writing, data analysis, revision of the manuscript. J.B.: Data analysis. A.P.: Revision of the Manuscript, experiment planning, study supervision. H.W.:

Designed and performed the greenhouse experiment and contributed to data analysis, writing and revision of the manuscript. M.B.B.T.: supervised and performed the greenhouse experiment,

revision of the manuscript. S.K.S.: data preparation & analysis, revision of the manuscript. J.K.: data preparation & analysis, revision of the manuscript. M.J.P.: data preparation

& analysis. G.T.: experiment planning, revision of the manuscript. S.S.: RNA sequencing & revision of the manuscript. V.V.: RNA sequencing. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to

Henning Wildhagen. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHER’S NOTE Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to

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variation of _Populus nigra_ transcriptome profiles in response to drought. _Sci Data_ 9, 297 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01417-z Download citation * Received: 23 November

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