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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common and burdensome, with ~50–60% of women experiencing at least one UTI during their lifetime. The risk of developing an infection is strongly
associated with previous UTIs; however, the factors and mechanisms that contribute to the high recurrence rate of UTIs remain unclear and poorly understood. In a recent study, Russell et al.
report that uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection triggers trained immunity in urinary tract tissue, which affects the immune response to subsequent infections depending on the
first disease outcome.
The researchers studied urothelial stem cell (USC) lines from mice with resolved or chronic UPEC infection. They found evidence of epigenetic changes, including differences in chromatin
accessibility, DNA methylation and histone modification. USCs from mice with chronic infection had enhanced caspase-1-mediated cell death on UPEC infection, which promoted bacterial
clearance.
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