Sexual dimorphism in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) exhibit notable sex-related differences, particularly in prolactinomas and corticotroph tumours. Findings from the past 5 years in other cancers

suggest that interactions between sex hormones and the immune system, as well as epigenetic modifications specific to sex chromosomes, could influence sex differences in tumour development.

Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Access Nature and 54

other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription $32.99 / 30 days cancel any time Learn more Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and

online access $209.00 per year only $17.42 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes

which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support REFERENCES * Melmed, S.

Pituitary-tumor endocrinopathies. _N. Engl. J. Med._ 382, 937–950 (2020). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Petersenn, S. et al. Diagnosis and management of prolactin-secreting

pituitary adenomas: a Pituitary Society international Consensus Statement. _Nat. Rev. Endocrinol._ 19, 722–740 (2023). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Pecori Giraldi, F., Moro, M. &

Cavagnini, F. Gender-related differences in the presentation and course of Cushing’s disease. _J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab._ 88, 1554–1558 (2003). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Drummond,

J., Roncaroli, F., Grossman, A. B. & Korbonits, M. Clinical and pathological aspects of silent pituitary adenomas. _J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab._ 104, 2473–2489 (2019). Article  PubMed 

Google Scholar  * Heaney, A. P. et al. Early involvement of estrogen-induced pituitary tumor transforming gene and fibroblast growth factor expression in prolactinoma pathogenesis. _Nat.

Med._ 5, 1317–1321 (1999). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Li, C. et al. Somatic _SF3B1_ hotspot mutation in prolactinomas. _Nat. Commun._ 11, 2506 (2020). Article  CAS  PubMed 

PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Neou, M. et al. Pangenomic classification of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. _Cancer Cell_ 37, 123–134.e125 (2020). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  *

Ricklefs, F. L. et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles distinguish silent from non-silent ACTH adenomas. _Acta Neuropathol._ 140, 95–97 (2020). Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google

Scholar  * Guan, X. et al. Androgen receptor activity in T cells limits checkpoint blockade efficacy. _Nature_ 606, 791–796 (2022). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  *

Li, J. et al. Histone demethylase KDM5D upregulation drives sex differences in colon cancer. _Nature_ 619, 632–639 (2023). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  Download

references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Z.B.W and S.L. acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant numbers 82141114, 81972339 (Z.B.W.) and 82373131 (S.L.).

AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumour, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

Shaojian Lin  (林绍坚), Jun Li  (李俊) & Zhe Bao Wu  (吴哲褒) Authors * Shaojian Lin  (林绍坚) View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Jun Li  (李俊)

View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Zhe Bao Wu  (吴哲褒) View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Zhe Bao Wu  (吴哲褒). ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions

ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Lin, S., Li, J. & Wu, Z.B. Sexual dimorphism in pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. _Nat Rev Endocrinol_ 21, 263–264 (2025).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-025-01096-x Download citation * Published: 25 February 2025 * Issue Date: May 2025 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-025-01096-x SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone

you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the

Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative