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The intestinal immune response could play an important role in obesity-related comorbidities. We aim to study the profile of duodenal cytokines and chemokines in patients with morbid obesity
(MO), its relation with insulin resistance (IR) and the intake of metformin, and with the evolution of MO after sleeve gastrectomy (SG).
Duodenal levels of 24 cytokines and 9 chemokines were analyzed in 14 nonobese and in 54 MO who underwent SG: with lower IR (MO-lower-IR), with higher IR (MO-higher-IR), and with type 2
diabetes treated with metformin (MO-metf-T2DM).
MO-lower-IR had higher levels of cytokines related to Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, M1 macrophages, and chemokines involved in the recruitment of macrophages and T-lymphocytes (p