The neural bases of emotion regulation

ABSTRACT Emotions are powerful determinants of behaviour, thought and experience, and they may be regulated in various ways. Neuroimaging studies have implicated several brain regions in

emotion regulation, including the ventral anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, as well as the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices. Drawing on computational

approaches to value-based decision-making and reinforcement learning, we propose a unifying conceptual framework for understanding the neural bases of diverse forms of emotion regulation.

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support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS EMOTION PREDICTION ERRORS GUIDE SOCIALLY ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR Article 19 October 2021 A LEVELS-OF-ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING SOCIAL EMOTIONS

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veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. _Depress. Anxiety_ 31, 851–861 (2014). Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A.E. is funded by

the Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System. A.E. and J.J.G. are funded by US National Institutes

of Health grants R01MH091860 and R21MH097984. C.B. is funded by European Research Council (ERC) grant ERC-2010-AdG_20100407 and the German Research Foundation (DFG; SFB TRR 58). AUTHOR

INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, California

94304, USA; and the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto,

California 94304, USA., Amit Etkin * the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), 3801 Miranda

Ave, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA., Amit Etkin * Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany Christian Büchel

* Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, 94305, California, USA James J. Gross Authors * Amit Etkin View author publications You can also search for this

author inPubMed Google Scholar * Christian Büchel View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * James J. Gross View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Amit Etkin. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial

interests. POWERPOINT SLIDES POWERPOINT SLIDE FOR FIG. 1 POWERPOINT SLIDE FOR FIG. 2 POWERPOINT SLIDE FOR FIG. 3 POWERPOINT SLIDE FOR FIG. 4 GLOSSARY * Computational modelling The

application of algorithms representing functions computed by the brain to explain observed behaviour through latent variables. * Conditioned stimulus (CS). A previously neutral stimulus that

takes on aversive or rewarding properties after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus. * Limbic regions Deep brain structures (for example, the amygdala, ventral striatum and

brain stem nuclei) involved in emotional and motivational processes. * Prediction errors Discrepancies between experienced stimuli and expectations about them. * Reinforcement learning An

area of study describing changes in behaviour driven by the experience of rewards or punishments. * Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A method for non-invasive stimulation of the

brain using a focal pulsed magnetic field, which can be used to excite or inhibit brain activity. * Unconditioned stimulus (US). A naturally aversive or rewarding stimulus. * Value A

dimensionless 'universal currency' that denotes the relative 'good for me' or 'bad for me' motivational relevance of a stimulus or action. RIGHTS AND

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