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Much excitement has surrounded the remarkable clinical efficacy observed with immunotherapy agents that target cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte antigen-4 or the programmed death-1 receptor in
patients with multiple solid tumour types. Additional evidence has shown that immunotherapies are also active in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)—a disease with a dismal
prognosis that is rarely cured because it is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage.
GVAX and CRS-207 have been assessed in early clinical trials in patients with PDAC. GVAX is an irradiated, GM-CSF allogeneic PDAC cell line, administered with low-dose cyclophosphamide (Cy).
CRS-207 is a recombinant, live-attenuated form of Listeria monocytogene that expresses mesothelin to induce innate and adaptive immunity. On the basis of preclinical synergy of the GVAX and
CRS-207 vaccines, a multicentre, randomized, phase II study was initiated; crucially, extended overall survival and minimal toxicity were demonstrated for the vaccine combination in
patients with metastatic PDAC.
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