Synthesis of nanomaterials using various top-down and bottom-up approaches, influencing factors, advantages, and disadvantages: a review

ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE Volume 300, February 2022, 102597 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102597Get rights and content HIGHLIGHTS * • The Top-down and Bottom-up methods

and techniques of synthesizing nanostructured materials. * • Application oriented advantages and disadvantages of each synthesis and fabrication technique. * • Factors affecting the

synthesis and fabrication of nanomaterials in each technique. * • Critical analysis and suitability of nanomaterials in various applications. ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is one of the emerging

fields of the 21st Century. Many new devices and patentable technology is based on nanomaterials (NMs). One of the dominant factors in the use of nanomaterials and their applications in

various fields is the synthesis and growth mechanism of nanostructures and nanomaterials. A nanostructured material may have been a good candidate in one application but could be more useful

in a different application if synthesized by a different mechanism and technique. Similarly, the structure and morphology of a nanomaterial also depend upon the method of growth and

synthesis. For example, it is easy to grow and synthesize amorphous nanostructured thin film using the plasma magnetron sputtering technique, but it may be difficult to obtain a similar

structure using the thermal evaporation process due to the nature of the technique itself. In this study, the Top-down and Bottom-up methods and techniques of synthesizing nanostructured

materials are reviewed, compared, and analyzed. Both approaches are critically analyzed, and the influencing factors on the synthesis of different nanomaterials, the advantages, and

disadvantages of each technique are reported. This review also provides a step-by-step analysis of the choice of method for the synthesis of namomaterials for specific applications.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The word ‘Nano’ is a Greek prefix derived from the word dwarf, indicate a billionth. One nanometer (nm) presents one billionth part of a meter. The field of

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology has obtained special importance in the modern technological world applications not just because all measurements are performed and taken on a nanometer scale.

This special attention and importance are given to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology because down at the nanometer level, Quantum phenomena start, which has already brought revolutionary

changes in science & technology. Nanotechnology has a great impact on our society, and provide solution of current industrial, electronics, national security, drug delivery, and

environmental problems at Nano level [[1], [2], [3]]. NMs in the range of 1 to 100 nm have had an increasing interest in the field of science over the last decade such particles are known as

nanoparticles (NPs). NMs have vast applications in medicine, cosmetics, packaging, nanofiber, biosensor, and electronics in the present area of research and received significant attention

on behalf of magnetic, catalytic, mechanical, optical, and electronic properties [4,5]. The chemical, physical properties of nanoscale materials depend upon their surface atoms because an

increase in surface-volume ratio decreases grain size and also melting point of the surface atom which affects chemical and physical properties [6]. NMs size can be controlled by different

ways such as limiting concentration, micelle growth arrangement, and functionalizing surface of the particle. NMs consisting of three different layers. The surface layer of NMs will normally

consist of metal ions, polymers, and small molecules. Mostly small molecules are used because it forms a covalent bond with surface particles and contains groups which can carry a charge.

While term shell is the outer layer of inorganic NMs that have chemically different material from the core. In addition, the core is an essential part of NMs, particular properties of NMs

are depending upon core composition. The core will play a key role in NMs toxicity but this doesn't mean that the environmental behavior of NMs will depend on core composition [7]. NMs

divided into various types included 0D NPs, 1D nanowires (NWs), 2D nanosheets (NSs), and 3D networks [8]. Moreover, origin-based NMs can be divided into three main kinds: i) incidental NMs

(welding fumes, forest fire, and vehicle engine exhaust), ii) engineered NMs (chemical manufacturing, airplane engine, and fuel oil and coal), and iii) naturally produced NMs (animal, insect

and in human bodies) [9]. Top-down and bottom-up are two ways to approach nanoscale. The top-down approach means reduce the size of the structure toward the nanoscale. While the bottom-up

approach is the formation of large nanostructure from smaller atoms and molecule [7] as depicted in Fig. 1. Main aim of this review paper to discuss properties, classification and explain

detail synthesis of NMs by various top down and bottom-up process. SECTION SNIPPETS CLASSIFICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS On basis of morphology, size, and form, NMs are divided into various

categories. Fig. 2 shows classifications of NMs. Some of the most important classes are discussed here. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES NMs composition and Chemical structure have an important role to

provide the desired function. Chemical properties such as surface energy, chemical potential, oxidation process, and catalysis have a great impact on the composition of NMs. PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES The physical properties of NMs depend upon the size, shape, color, and morphology of particles. Size effect, crystalline structure, lattice parameter, and morphology of NMs are

combined effects of size, shape, and arrangement of particles. OPTICAL PROPERTIES Optical properties of SYNTHESIS OF NMS WITH VARIOUS APPROACHES AND METHODS Methods for synthesizing NMs are

classified as top-down and bottom-up approaches. CONCLUSION Nanotechnology is regarded by scientists as the breakthrough technology of the twenty-first century. It may be described as the

study, manipulation, and control of materials with dimensions between 1 and 100 nm, where conventional physics fails. NMs are increasingly being used in sectors such as physics, material

science, chemistry, and healthcare around the world. Synthesis of NMs is achieved by different top-down (ball milling, thermal evaporation, laser ablation, sputtering) and bottom-up

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(702) * A REVIEW ON BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS 2023, Results in Chemistry Show abstract Silver nanoparticles are an important innovation in

nanotechnology, due to their high stability and low chemical reactivity in comparison to other metals. Silver nanoparticles have received much attention in biological application because of

their unique physicochemical properties. A number of methods applied to synthesize silver nanoparticles such as physical and chemical. These methods commonly synthesized nanoparticles using

toxic chemicals as reducing agents. However, in the last few decades, several efforts were made to develop green synthesis methods to avoid the use of hazardous materials. In the present

review we describe the green synthesis of nanoparticles using bacteria, and fungi and plants, the role of plant metabolites in the synthesis process. Several biomolecules included in

biological extract, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and vitamins, function as reducing and capping agents during the biosynthesis process. The prospective uses

of biosynthesized AgNPs in different fields, including antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and agronomic, have attracted the attention of researchers. * GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESIS OF

NANOMATERIALS: RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS 2023, Environmental Research Show abstract Nanomaterials have been widely used in diverse fields of research such as engineering,

biomedical science, energy, and environment. At present, chemical and physical methods are the main methods for large-scale synthesis of nanomaterials, but these methods have adverse effects

on the environment, and health issues, consume more energy, and are expensive. The green synthesis of nanoparticles is a promising and environmentally friendly approach to producing

materials with unique properties. Natural reagents such as herbs, bacteria, fungi, and agricultural waste are used in the green synthesis of nanomaterials instead of hazardous chemicals and

reduce the carbon footprint of the synthesis process. Green synthesis of nanomaterials is highly beneficial compared to traditional methods due to its low cost, negligible pollution level,

and safety for the environment and human health. Nanoparticles possess enhanced thermal and electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility, making them highly attractive

for a range of applications, including catalysis, energy storage, optics, biological labeling, and cancer therapy. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent

advancements in the green synthesis routes of different types of nanomaterials, including metal oxide-based, inert metal-based, carbon-based, and composite-based nanoparticles. Moreover, we

discuss the various applications of nanoparticles, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize fields such as medicine, electronics energy, and the environment. The factors affecting the

green synthesis of nanomaterials, and their limitations are also pointed out to decide the direction of this research field, Overall, this paper highlights the importance of green synthesis

in promoting sustainable development in various industries. * CUTTING-EDGE ADVANCES IN TAILORING SIZE, SHAPE, AND FUNCTIONALITY OF NANOPARTICLES AND NANOSTRUCTURES: A REVIEW 2023, Journal of

the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers Show abstract Background: The versatility and immense potential of nanoparticles and nanostructures have made them crucial building blocks for a

wide range of applications. Achieving precise control over their size, shape, and functionality has become a vital focus in nanotechnology research. Method: This comprehensive review

explores the cutting-edge advancements in tailoring the size, shape, and functionality of nanoparticles and nanostructures. It covers a wide array of advanced mechanical, physical, chemical,

and biological approaches utilized in their production. The review encompasses an extensive range of synthesis methods, including mechanical milling, high-pressure homogenization,

mechanical alloying, mechanochemical synthesis, physical vapor deposition, laser pyrolysis, ion and electron irradiation, laser ablation synthesis, arc discharge synthesis, plasma synthesis,

electrospinning, printing, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel processes, aerosol-based processes, electrochemical deposition, polymerization synthesis, hydrothermal and solvothermal

synthesis, microwave-assisted synthesis, ultrasonic synthesis, microbial synthesis, and plant extract-based synthesis. Finding: The ability to control the size, shape, composition, and

surface functionalities of nanoparticles and nanostructures is dependent on factors such as raw materials, synthesis methods, and processing parameters. Consequently, the selection of the

optimal synthesis method and precise control of reaction conditions and processing parameters are of utmost importance in obtaining nanomaterials with desired properties and achieving

targeted applications. * PREPARATION METHODS OF DIFFERENT NANOMATERIALS FOR VARIOUS POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW 2023, Journal of Molecular Structure Show abstract Nanomaterials are an

interesting class of materials that include a wide variety of samples with at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nm. Nanomaterials are cornerstones of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Controlling the size, shape, and composition of the nanomaterials is an uphill task and have a profound impact on their performance. Along with potential health and safety risks, producing

large quantities of high-quality nanomaterials are challenging and expensive. The synthesis and growth process of nanostructures and nanomaterials is one of the key elements in the

utilization of nanomaterials and their applications in several sectors. The morphology and structure of nanomaterials depend also on the method used for synthesis and growth. This review

discusses the various nanomaterial synthesis methods which are categorized into two main types bottom-up methods and top-down approaches depending on starting precursors of nanoparticle

generation. Both approaches are critically discussed, in addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each technique have been reported. The aforementioned approaches can have a potential

technological applications, such as nano-molecular electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, energy storage materials, composite materials, nano-biotechnology, nano-medicine, etc. *

TWO-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF RECENT PROGRESS, PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 2023, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing Show abstract

Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D nanomaterials) are a sophisticated advanced class of atomically thick nanomaterials that consist of a single to few layers of atoms. The lateral size of the

2D nanomaterials can reach up to micrometers, and even longer can be produced by improving synthesis methods. The 2D nanomaterials have unique features of high anisotropy, effective surface

area, mechanical strength, plasmonic, electron confinement, and optical properties. According to the class, the 2D nanomaterials can be tuned to superconductors, semiconductors to

insulators. 2D nanomaterials are extensively explored for membranes, energy production/storage, tissue engineering, sensing, and catalytic applications. In this review, we concisely

discussed the synthesis, key characteristics, and striking properties of 2D nanomaterials. Finally, review concludes with a future perspective and conclusive remarks. Indeed, ultrathin 2D

nanomaterials have become critical players in every field of material science. In the near future, these materials will be revolutionary in the energy and environmental sectors. * THE

REFORMATION OF CATALYST: FROM A TRIAL-AND-ERROR SYNTHESIS TO RATIONAL DESIGN 2024, Nano Research View all citing articles on Scopus View full text © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.